Definición de displasia broncopulmonar propuesta por la Comisión Neo SOCHINEP / Definition of bronchopulmonary dysplasia proposed by the Neo SOCHINEP Commission

La displasia broncopulmonar (DBP) es la enfermedad crónica más frecuente del recién nacido prematuro. Los avances en su prevención y tratamiento han permitido una mayor sobrevida de prematuros más pequeños, pero su incidencia se ha mantenido estable en el tiempo, con una fisiopatología y presentación clínica que abarca un amplio espectro y que difiere de la DBP descrita originalmente hace más de 50 años. Aún existen controversias en su definición, la que se ha establecido en base al tratamiento, específicamente al requerimiento de soporte respiratorio. Las definiciones más utilizadas son el requerimiento de oxígeno por 28 días y a las 36 semanas de edad gestacional corregida (EGC). Recientemente se ha propuesto definirla en base al requerimiento de ventilación mecánica a las 36 semanas de EGC, lo que identificaría a los prematuros con DBP más grave y mayor probabilidad de complicaciones respiratorias y neurológicas en los 2 primeros años de vida. Nuestro objetivo en la comisión de Neo-SOCHINEP es el de recomendar la definición y clasificación que nos parece más adecuada para identificar a los prematuros portadores de DBP, considerando los aspectos fisiopatológicos, del compromiso de la función pulmonar y consecuencias prácticas de la definición en nuestro medio. También proponemos la definición del requerimiento de oxígeno en el prematuro cuando esta en neonatología, las condiciones e interpretación de la saturometría contínua cuando está pronto al alta y el seguimiento de la oxigenoterapia posterior al alta.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most frequent chronic disease of the premature newborn. Advances in its prevention and treatment have allowed a greater survival of smaller preterm infants, but its incidence has remained stable over time, with a pathophysiology and clinical presentation that covers a wide spectrum and differs from the BPD originally described more than 50 years ago. There are still controversies in its definition, which has been established based on the treatment, specifically the requirement of respiratory support. The most used definitions are the oxygen requirement for 28 days and at 36 weeks of postmenstrual age (PMA). It has recently been proposed a definition based on the requirement of mechanical ventilation at 36 weeks of PMA, which would identify premature infants with more severe BPD and a greater probability of respiratory and neurological complications in the first 2 years of life. Our objective in the Neo-SOCHINEP commission is to recommend the definition and classification that we believe is most appropriate to identify premature infants with BPD, considering the pathophysiological aspects, the compromised lung function, and practical consequences of the definition in our medium. We also propose the definition of the oxygen requirement in premature infants when they are in neonatology, the conditions and interpretation of continuous saturation when they are soon discharged, and the follow-up of post-discharge oxygen therapy.

Invasive mechanical ventilation and biomarkers as predictors of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the impact of invasive mechanical ventilation associated with two serum inflammatory cytokines and clinical indicators, on the second day of life, as predictors of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very low birth weight preterm infants. It was hypothesized that the use of invasive mechanical ventilation in the first hours of life is associated with biomarkers that may predict the chances of preterm infants to develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Methods Prospective cohort of 40 preterm infants with gestational age <34 weeks and birth weight <1500 g. The following were analyzed: clinical variables; types of ventilator support used (there is a higher occurrence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia when oxygen supplementation is performed by long periods of invasive mechanical ventilation); hospitalization time; quantification of two cytokines (granulocyte and macrophage colony stimulating factor [GM-CSF] and eotaxin) in blood between 36 and 48 h of life. The preterm infants were divided in two groups: with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Results The GM-CSF levels presented a significantly higher value in the bronchopulmonary dysplasia group (p = 0.002), while eotaxin presented higher levels in the group without bronchopulmonary dysplasia (p = 0.02). The use of continuous invasive mechanical ventilation was associated with increased ratios between GM-CSF and eotaxin (100% sensitivity and 80% specificity; receiver operating characteristic area = 0.9013, CI = 0.7791-1.024, p < 0.0001). Conclusions The duration of invasive mechanical ventilation performed in the first 48 h of life in the very low birth weight infants is a significant clinical predictor of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The use of continuous invasive mechanical ventilation was associated with increased ratios between GM-CSF and eotaxin, suggesting increased lung injury and consequent progression of the disease.

Clinical significance of amplitude-integrated electroencephalography in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the changes and clinical significance of amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).@*METHODS@#A total of 156 preterm infants with a gestational age of ≤ 32@*RESULTS@#Compared with the non-BPD group, the BPD group had a significantly lower total aEEG score at the corrected gestational age of 33-34@*CONCLUSIONS@#Preterm infants with BPD (especially moderate to severe BPD) have a lower aEEG score than those without BPD, suggesting that their nervous system development may lag behind that of non-BPD preterm infants with the same gestational age. Therefore, early nervous system evaluation and intervention are necessary for preterm infants with BPD.

Levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 are related to cardiopulmonary injury in fetal inflammatory response syndrome

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the diagnostic value of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), and the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio in fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS), and determine a possible association with the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and myocardial injury. METHODS: Overall, 61 cases of preterm infants with FIRS were divided into the FIRS group 1 (≤32 weeks) and FIRS group 2 (32 to 37 weeks). Similarly, 57 cases of normal preterm infants were divided into Control group 1 and Control group 2. Levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), MMP-9, and TIMP-1 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Spearman's linear correlation was used to analyze the relationship between dependent variables. Pathological changes were examined by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and in amniotic fluid smears. RESULTS: Levels of IL-6, MMP-9, and TIMP-1, and the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio were significantly higher in the FIRS group than in the Control groups. IL-6 was positively correlated with MMP-9, TIMP-1, and the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio. Areas under the curve (AUC) of MMP-9, TIMP-1, and the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio were 0.92, 0.90, and 0.95, respectively. HE staining and amniotic fluid smears showed the aggregation of inflammatory cells. MMP-9, TIMP-1, and the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio were closely related to the incidence of BPD (≤32 weeks) and myocardial injury (<37 weeks) in preterm infants. CONCLUSION: MMP-9, TIMP-1, and the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio revealed a certain diagnostic value for FIRS; combined with gestational age, these parameters were effective for predicting cardiopulmonary injury.

Restricción de crecimiento aumenta el riesgo de displasia broncopulmonar, muerte y sepsis en gemelos de 30 o menos semanas de gestación / Growth restriction increases the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, death, and sepsis in twins of 30 weeks or less of gestation

INTRODUCCIÓN: Múltiples factores influyen en el riesgo de morbimortalidad del prematuro con restricción del crecimiento intrauterino (RCIU). La comparación de gemelos con crecimiento intrauterino discordante permite evaluar su efecto, excluyendo factores maternos y manejo prenatal. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de la RCIU sobre la morbilidad aguda, crónica y mortalidad, en parejas de recién nacidos gemelares prematuros extremos. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Gemelos menores de 1500 g y 30 semanas de gestación, de la Red Neocosur. Se realizaron análisis separados de pares de gemelos concordantes, discordantes leves y severos, evaluando el efecto de la RCIU sobre morbi-mortalidad. Se realizó análisis multivariado para establecer magnitud del efecto. RESULTADOS: 459 pares de gemelos, 227 concordantes, 110 discordantes leves y 122 severos. Entre los concordantes solo hubo diferencia en uso de oxígeno a las 36 semanas. En discordantes leves, el menor tuvo menos enfermedad de membrana hialina y requirió menos dosis de surfactante, pero tuvo un mayor riesgo de Displasia broncopulmonar (DBP) o muerte. En discordantes severos, el menor presentó mayor mortalidad, sepsis, utilización y permanencia en ventilación mecánica, pese a menor frecuencia de enfermedad de membrana hialina. En regresión múltiple, el riesgo combinado de DBP o muerte fue mayor en gemelo menor y discordante severo. CONCLUSIÓN: En gemelos discordantes, la patología respiratoria aguda fue más frecuente en el gemelo mayor, aunque el riesgo de DBP o muerte fue mayor en el gemelo con RCIU.

INTRODUCTION: Multiple factors influence the risk of morbidity and mortality of premature infants with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). The comparison of twins with different intrauterine growth allows evaluating the effect of the restriction, excluding maternal factors and prenatal mana gement. Our objective was to assess the effect of IUGR on acute and chronic morbidity, and mortality of extreme preterm twins. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Twins weighing less than 1500 grams and gesta tion equal to or less than 30 weeks, of the Neocosur Network. Separate analyses were performed on concordant twin pairs, and on mild and severe discordant twins, evaluating the effect of IUGR on morbidity and mortality. A multivariate analysis was performed in order to establish the impact of this effect. RESULTS: 459 twin pairs, 227 concordant twins, 110 of mild discordance, and 122 of severe discordance. Among the concordant ones, there was only a difference in oxygen uptake at 36 weeks. In those of mild discordance, the smaller twin presented a lower frequency of hyaline membrane disease and required fewer doses of surfactant, but had a higher risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) or death. In severe discordant twins, the smaller one presented higher mortality, sepsis, use and permanence in mechanical ventilation, despite the lower frequency of hyaline membrane disease. In multiple regression analysis, the combined risk of BPD or death was higher in the smaller twin and of severe discordance. CONCLUSION: In discordant twins, the acute respiratory pathology was more frequent in the larger one, although the risk of BPD or death was higher in the one with IUGR.

El rol de la hipertensión pulmonar en la displasia broncopulmonar / The role of pulmonary hypertension on bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Resumen Hace 50 años Northway describió la Displasia Broncopulmonar (DBP), en nacidos de pretérmino expuestos a ventilación mecánica. Desde entonces, ha aumentado la sobrevida de ellos; sin embar go, ha aparecido una "nueva DBP" y la incidencia de esta no ha disminuido. Una de las caracte rísticas de esta patología es la remodelación vascular anómala, que en su expresión más severa se conoce como Hipertensión Pulmonar (HP); con una incidencia de 17%, que es proporcional a la severidad de la DBP (33% en DBP severa); y como un factor de mortalidad (hasta un 48% mortali dad a 2 años con HP por DBP). Debido a esto resulta importante conocer los métodos diagnósticos y alternativas terapéuticas, tema que se discute en esta revisión. Considerando la alta mortalidad de la asociación HP-DBP, adquiere importancia una estrategia de tamizaje en la población de riesgo. El gold standard para el diagnóstico de HP es el cateterismo cardíaco, sin embargo, el ecocardio-grama transtorácico es una herramienta útil para el tamizaje y diagnóstico de HP en pacientes dis-plásicos, con mediciones cuantitativas y cambios cualitativos en la evaluación diagnóstica. A nivel sanguíneo el péptido natriurético tipo B (BNP), ha mostrado ser útil en el seguimiento; en cuanto a imágenes, la tomografía computarizada se utiliza en casos severos. En cuanto a las terapias, se han propuesto el óxido nítrico inhalado como vasodilatador pulmonar, los inhibidores de la fosfodies-terasas -sildenafil-, los antagonistas de la endotelina -bosentán- y los análogos de prostaciclinas -iloprost-. Aún no se cuenta con evidencia de alta calidad para su uso, dosis y duración del trata miento, pero hay variadas experiencias clínicas. Además, es relevante el cuidado interdisciplinario, destacando optimizar la nutrición. El desafío es lograr una prevención efectiva de la DBP y de sus complicaciones. Un protocolo de tamizaje de HP debe asociarse a una estratificación de riesgo y directrices de tratamiento.

Abstract 50 years ago, Northway described Broncopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants exposed to mechanical ventilation. Since then, their survival has increased, nevertheless a "new BPD" has appeared and its incidence has not diminished. One of the characteristics of this pathology is the the abnormal vascular remodeling, which in its most severe expression is known as Pulmonary Hyper tension (PH); with an incidence of 17% in patients with BPD, which is proportional to the severity of the disease (33% in severe BPD), and as mortality factor (up to 48% 2-year mortality in PH-BPD). Thereby, it is important to know the diagnostic methods and therapeutic alternatives, topics discus sed in this review. Considering the high mortality in BPD associated PH, screening strategies in at risk population become important. The gold standard is cardiac catheterization; however, transtho-rathic echocardiography is a useful tool for the screening and diagnosis of PH in displasic patients, using cuantitive measures and cualitative changes in the evaluation. Seric type-B natriuretic peptide has shown to be useful for follow-up; regarding images, CT scan is used in severe cases. In terms of therapy; inhaled Nitric Oxide as a pulmonary vasodilator, phosphodiesterase inhibitors -sildenafil-, endotelin antagonists -bosentan-, and prostacyclin analogues -iloprost-, have been proposed. Their use, dosis and treatment lenght still lack support of high quality evidence, but diverse clinical expe riences have been described. Interdisciplinary care is also important, highlighting to optimize nu trition. Therefore, the challenge is to effectively prevent BPD and its complications. A PH screening protocol should be associated with risk stratification and treatment guidelines.

Actualización en displasia broncopulmonar / Bronchopulmonary displasia update

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is one of the most common pediatric chronic lung diseases. In the recent decades the advances made in perinatal care and the increase survival of extreme preterm have shown an overall change in the characteristics of this disease giving rise to the concept of new dysplasia. In the development of the disease is essential the exposure of the immature lung to various factors such as nutritional deficiency, pre and post-natal infections, persistent ductus arteriosus, and genetic susceptibility. This article reviews the most important characteristics of this disease, treatment and follow-up.

La displasia broncopulmonar (DBP) es una de las enfermedades pulmonares crónicas frecuentes en pediatría. Los avances experimentados en las últimas décadas en cuidados perinatales y la sobrevida de prematuros cada vez más extremos han demostrado un cambio global en las características de esta enfermedad dando lugar al concepto de nueva displasia, en cuyo desarrollo son fundamentales la exposición del pulmón inmaduro a diversos factores como deficiencia nutricional, infecciones pre y post-natales, ductus arterioso persistente, y susceptibilidad genética. El presente articulo revisa las características más relevantes de esta patología, su enfrentamiento global, manejo y seguimiento ambulatorio.

Normas para control y seguimiento de niños con displasia broncopulmonar (enfermedad pulmonar crónica de la infancia) / Control and follow-up standards in children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (infant chronic lung disease)

La displasia broncopulmonar (enfermedad pulmonar crónica de la infancia) constituye un grupo heterogéneo de enfermedades de etiopatogenia multifactorial y fisiopatología multisistémica. Su frecuencia ha aumentado en los últimos años debido principalmente a la mayor supervivencia de los recién nacidos prematuros de muy bajo peso al nacer que presentan interrupción del desarrollo vascular y pulmonar unido a alteraciones funcionales generadas por el déficit de surfactante y relacionadas con la inmadurez. Sin embargo, se ha controlado la gravedad de estos cuadros gracias a los cambios realizados en la práctica clínica. Para un adecuado control y seguimiento multidisciplinario, abordamos esta afección con el objetivo de elaborar un plan de actuación cuando estos neonatos se encuentran en su hogar tras el alta hospitalaria...

Fatores associados à displasia broncopulmonar em prematuros sob ventilação mecânica precoce / Factors associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants under early mechanical ventilation

Descrever os fatores neonatais e de assistência ventilatória associados à displasia broncopulmonar (DBP), e verificar sua frequência em recém-nascidos prematuros submetidos à ventilação mecânica (VM) na primeira semana de vida. MÉTODOS: coorte retrospectiva, realizada em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal. Foram analisados prontuários de 86 prematuros, sob VM na primeira semana de vida e registrados dados neonatais, parâmetros da VM e sua relação com a DBP. Para verificar a associação entre as variáveis do estudo e a DBP utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado e o Exato de Fisher quando indicado. O teste t e o Kruskal Wallis foram utilizados para a comparação das médias das variáveis contínuas. RESULTADOS: a DBP ocorreu em 17,4 por cento. Foram relacionados à doença: menor peso ao nascer e idade gestacional, Apgar <7 no 1º e 5º minutos, maior tempo sob antibioticoterapia, nutrição parenteral e VM, valores elevados de fração inspirada de oxigênio (FiO2), VM como primeiro suporte respiratório, menor volume de nutrição enteral e ganho ponderal . Não houve diferença nos níveis de pressão positiva inspiratória, pressão positiva expiratória final e diferença de pressão. CONCLUSÕES: a ocorrência da DBP foi baixa e relacionada ao manejo clínico e nutricional e VM precoce e prolongada. Excetuando-se a FiO2 média não foi encontrada relação entre a doença e os demais parâmetros ventilatórios...

To describe the neonatal and assisted ventilation factors associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and verify their frequency in premature newborns undergoing mechanical ventilation (MV) in the first week of life. METHODS: retrospective cohort study carried out at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. The medical records of 86 premature infants under MV in the first week of life were analyzed and neonatal data, MV parameters and their relationship with BPD registered. To verify the association between the variables of the study and BPD, the chi-square test and the Fisher exact test were used as appropriate. The t-test and Kruskal Wallis test were used to compare the means of the continuous variables. RESULTS: BPD occurred in 17.4 percent of cases. Factors related to the illness were: lower birth weight and gestational age, Apgar <7 at 1 and 5 minutes, greater time under antibiotic therapy, parenteral nutrition and MV, higher values of the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2), MV as the first respiratory aid, lower volume of enteral nutrition and ponderal gain. No difference was found in the level of positive inspiratory pressure, end positive expiratory pressure and pressure difference. CONCLUSIONS: the occurrence of BPD was low and related to clinical and nutritional management and early, prolonged MV. With the exception of mean FiO2, no relationship was found between the illness and ventilation parameters...

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very low birth weight infants.

Objective. To determine the risk factors for development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) by evaluating mild and moderate/severe BPD in extramural neonates with a birth weight <1501 g. Methods. A case-control study was conducted between January 1, 2004- December 31, 2006. Patients with BPD and without BPD were compared. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia was diagnosed and classified according to the Bancalari criteria. One-hundred and six (106) extramural premature infants with a birth weight <1501 g and admitted to the Neonatal Unit in the first three days of life and survived for more than 28 postnatal days were included. Patients with multiple congenital anomalies and complex cardiac pathologies were excluded. The maternal and neonatal risk factors, clinical features, mechanical ventilation treatment were compared. The principal risk factors for BPD development were analyzed and followed by logistic regression test. Results. The diagnosis was mild BPD in 27 of the 106 patients and moderate/severe BPD in 29. The incidence of BPD was 52.8%. Fifty of 106 patients had no BPD. Analysis of risk factors revealed that gestational age ≤28 weeks (p=0.019), birth weight ≤1000 g (p=0.007), hypothermia (p=0.003), acidosis (p=0.003) and hypotension (p=0.005) at admission, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) ( p<0.001), mechanical ventilation therapy (p<0.001), surfactant therapy (p=0.005), higher amount of mean fluid therapy on 7th days (p=0.008), nosocomial infection (p<0.001), higher amount of mean packed red cell transfusions (p<0.001) and more than two packed red cell transfusions (p=0.033) were risk factors associated with the development of BPD. Multivariant logistic regression analysis showed acidosis at admission (OR 5.12, 95%CI 1.17–22.27, p=0.029), surfactant treatment (OR 7.53, 95%CI 2.14–26.45, p=0.002), nosocomial infections (OR 4.66, 95%CI 1.27–17.12, p=0.02) and PDA (OR 9.60, 95%CI 2.23–41.22, p=0.002) were risk factors increasing the severity of BPD. Conclusion. The most important risk factors for BPD development in our study were RDS and nosocomial infections while the presence of acidosis at admission, surfactant administration, nosocomial infections and the presence of PDA were the most important risk factors regarding BPD severity. Presence of acidosis at admission as a risk factor emphasized the importance of suitable transport conditions for premature infants.

Actualización en presentación y patogénesis de la displasia broncopulmonar / Update on presentation and pathogenesis of brochopulmonary dysplasia

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remains as the most frequent chronic lung disease seen among babies with very low birth weight, contributing to their morbidity and mortality. An increase in the survival of very immature babies due to improvement in pre and post natal care, has resulted in an increase in the number of newborns with BDP, although there have been no changes in the actual incidence of the disease. Objective: Lo describe the evolution of DBP in recent decades, the current definition, and to describe and analyze the risk factors involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. Until a few years ago, the terms BPD and chronic lung disease were used as synonyms. After the workshop sponsored by the National Institute of Health in the United States in 2001, it was recommended that the term BPD be used to describe the pulmonary sequelae of immature babies. Classic severe BPD, as described by Northway et al over forty years ago, has evolved into milder forms of chronic pulmonary damage, the so-called "new BPD", characterized by impairment of alveolarizacion and vascularization of the immature lung in response to multiple injuries. BPD is a multifactorial disease where major risk factors are related to pulmonary immaturity, hyperoxia, baro/volutrauma, as well as inflamation and infection. Genetic susceptibility has recently been shown to be another important risk factor. Conclusion: Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia continues to be the most frequent sequelae affecting low birth weight infants. In the past four decades, the disease has been better defined, and new pathogenetic risk factors have been established.

La Displasia Broncopulmonar (DBP) continúa siendo la enfermedad pulmonar crónica más frecuente que afecta al recién nacido de muy bajo peso, contribuyendo a su morbilidad y mortalidad. El aumento en la sobrevida de los recién nacidos muy inmaduros, debido a la mejoría en el cuidado pre y post natal, ha aumentado el número de recién nacidos con displasia, sin cambios en su incidencia. El objetivo de esta revisión es representar los cambios en la presentación clínica de la DBP en las últimas décadas y describir la definición recientemente instituida, junto con analizar y actualizar los factores de riesgos involucrados en la patogénesis de esta enfermedad. Hasta hace algunos años el término DBP o Enfermedad Pulmonar Crónica se usaban como sinónimos; sin embargo luego del taller patrocinado por Instituto Nacional de Salud de Estados Unidos en el año 2001, se recomendó utilizar el término de DBP para describir las secuelas pulmonares del recién nacido muy inmaduro. La DBP clásica severa descrita por Northway y cols hace más de 40 años, ha evolucionado a formas más leves de daño pulmonar crónico, la denominada "Nueva DBP", caracterizada por un deterioro y/o detención de la alveolarización y vascularización del pulmón inmaduro en respuesta a múltiples injurias. La DBP es una enfermedad multifactorial siendo los principales factores de riesgo la inmadurez pulmonar, la hiperoxia, el baro-volutrauma, y la inflamación-infección. Recientemente se ha demostrado que la susceptibilidad genética puede ser otro factor de riesgo. La ventilación mecánica continúa siendo un importante factor de riesgo, por lo cual debe ser utilizada con precaución y sólo cuando esté claramente indicada. La persistencia del ductus arterioso se ha asociado también a DBP, por lo cual el cierre farmacológico precoz podría disminuir la incidencia de esta complicación. Conclusión: La DBP continúa siendo la secuela pulmonar crónica más frecuente que afecta al RN de muy bajo peso...

Displasia broncopulmonar: perfil dos recém-nascidos pré-termo no Hospital Universitário Norte do Paraná nos anos de 2000 a 2005 / Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: profile of the preterm newborns born in the North of Paraná University Hospital in the years 2000-2005

Objetivo: Conhecer as características pré, peri e pós-natais e verificar a evolução dos recém-nascidos pré-termos (RNPT) com diagnóstico de displasia broncopulmonar (DBP) nascidos entre 2000 e 2005 no Hospital Universitário Norte do Paraná (HUNPR). Materiais e métodos: Realizado um estudo descritivo. Resultados: Verificou-se que a idade gestacional média foi de 27,3 ± 3 semanas e dois dias e o peso médio ao nascer foi 985,4 ± 310,9 gramas 20 RN (55,6%) foram do sexo masculino e 16 (44,4%) do feminino. Dos RNPT, 24 (66,7%) utilizaram surfactante, o tempo médio de uso de ventilação mecânica foi de 28,6 ± 18,9 dias, com 12,4 ± 9,1 dias em CPAP e a FiO2máx% média foi de 88,8 ± 18,2%. O tempo médio de internação foi de 99,4 ± 53,5 dias 3,4 ± 3,3 tiveram em média outras reinternações nos primeiros anos de vida, sendo 82,6% devido a problemas respiratórios. A idade média das mães foi de 26 ± 7 anos 34 (94,4%) realizaram pré-natal, 22 (61,1%) partos foram cesáreas e 14 (38,9%) normais 16 (44,4%) utilizaram corticoide antenatal. Durante o período de internação na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva neonatal (UTI) 18 (50,0%) dos RN realizaram fisioterapia e 11 (30,6%) realizam fisioterapia atualmente. Conclusão: Observou-se que os RNPT com DBP nascidos no HUNPR foram os de menores idades gestacionais e baixo peso de nascimento e que necessitaram de tempo prolongado em ventilação mecânica. Tais fatores, associados ao tempo de internação neonatal prolongado, implicam em reinternações frequentes, verificando-se a necessidade de acompanhamento clínico multiprofissional nos primeiros anos de vida.

Análises histopatológica e morfométrica no diagnóstico da "nova" displasia broncopulmonar e comparação clinicopatológica com a forma clássica da doença / Histopathological and morphometric analysis in the diagnosis of "new" broncopulmonar dysplasia and clinical and pathological comparison with the classic form of the disease

INTRODUÇÃO: A displasia broncopulmonar (DBP) continua sendo a principal complicação nos recém-nascidos (RN) prematuros. Com o uso de surfactante exógeno e da prevenção de doenças respiratórias no período neonatal a incidência de DBP clássica vem diminuindo, porém uma nova forma de DBP tem surgido, mais branda e associada aos desenvolvimentos pulmonar alveolar e vascular incompletos. Do ponto de vista anatomopatológico a DBP clássica é caracterizada por processos de lesão e reparação, e os achados da "nova" DBP são de hipoplasia alveolar com nenhuma fibrose. OBJETIVOS: Demonstrar as alterações histopatológicas e morfométricas em pulmões de prematuros que foram a óbito, com quadro clínico compatível com "nova" DBP, comparando-as com um grupo controle (sem DBP) e com a forma clássica da doença, além de correlacionar os três grupos com o tempo de uso de oxigênio entre outros fatores de risco da DBP. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: A população foi composta por 59 amostras de pulmões de prematuros com idade gestacional (IG) menor que 34 semanas e submetidos à oxigenioterapia. Fatores de risco para DBP foram coletados por meio da revisão de prontuários. Amostras pulmonares foram separadas em dois grupos, o com DBP clássica e o sem DBP clássica. O segundo grupo foi então submetido à análise morfométrica para contagem do número de alvéolos, medidas as áreas e os perímetros dos alvéolos. Após esta análise a população estudada ficou dividida em grupo com DBP clássica; com "nova" DBP (casos com mais de sete dias de oxigenioterapia); e grupo controle ou sem DBP clássica ou "nova" (casos com menos de sete dias de oxigenioterapia). RESULTADOS: o primeiro grupo apresentava inflamação e fibrose septal evidentes. Já os segundo e terceiro grupos apresentavam alterações histopatológicas mínimas, sendo então necessária a análise morfométrica para separá-los. O grupo com "nova" DBP apresentou número de alvéolos, sua área e perímetro diminuídos (p < 0,005) quando comparados...

INTRODUCTION: The bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remains as a major complication in premature infants. The incidence of classic BPD has decreased due to the use of exogenous surfactant and prevention of respiratory diseases in the neonatal period. However, a new and milder form of BPD has appeared, which is associated with incomplete vascular and pulmonary alveolar development. Anatomopathologically, classic BPD is characterized by lesion and repair processeses and "new" BPD findings are alveolar hypoplasia with no fibrosis. OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the morphometric and histopathological alterations in the lungs of deceased premature infants with clinical course consistent with the new BPD by comparing these changes with a control group (without BPD) and with its classic form. Furthermore, to correlate the three groups with the duration of oxygen therapy and other risk factors. METHODS: The population comprised 59 lungs samples from premature infants of gestational age lower than 34 weeks and that had undergone oxygen therapy. The risk factors for BPD were collected from the review of clinical records. The lungs samples were separated into 2 groups: 1 - with classic BPD and 2 - without classic BPD. Group 2 underwent morphometric analysis for alveoli counting and measurement of alveolar area and perimeter. Subsequently, the studied population was divided into: 1 - with classic BPD, 2 - with new BPD (cases with more than 7 days of oxygen therapy) and 3 - control group or without classic or new BPD (cases with less than 7 days of oxygen therapy). RESULTS: Group 1 (classic BPD) had inflammation and evident septal fibrosis. Groups 2 and 3 (new BPD and control) showed minimal histopathological alterations requiring morphometric analysis to separate them. Group 2 (new BPD) showed reduced number of alveoli, area and perimeter when compared with group 3 (control), p < 0,005. There was no statistically significant difference among the 3 groups...

Chronic lung disease in newborns.

Chronic lung disease (CLD) or bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) occurs in preterm infants who require respiratory support in the first few days of birth. Apart from prematurity, oxygen therapy and assisted ventilation, factors like intrauterine/postnatal infections, patent ductus arteriosus, and genetic polymorphisms also contribute to its pathogenesis. The severe form of BPD with extensive inflammatory changes is rarely seen nowadays; instead, a milder form characterized by decreased alveolar septation due to arrest in lung development is more common. A multitude of strategies, mainly pharmacological and ventilatory, have been employed for prevention and treatment of BPD. Unfortunately, most of them have not been proved to be beneficial. A comprehensive protocol for management of BPD based on the current evidence is discussed here.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia prediction modelfor 7-day-old infants

OBJETIVO: Desenvolver um modelo preditivo capaz de identificar, ao final da primeira semana de vida, os recém-nascidos prematuros com maior probabilidade de evoluir para displasia broncopulmonar (DBP). MÉTODOS: Os dados foram coletados retrospectivamente entre janeiro de 1998 e julho de 2001, e prospectivamente de agosto de 2001 a julho de 2003. Foram incluídas todas as crianças nascidas na Instituição, com idade gestacional < 34 semanas e peso de nascimento < 1.500 g. Os principais fatores de risco foram submetidos inicialmente a uma análise univariada, seguida de regressão logística. As variáveis significativas foram utilizadas na montagem da fórmula para cálculo da probabilidade de ocorrência de DBP. O modelo foi calibrado, e a discriminação avaliada pela curva ROC. De agosto de 2003 a julho de 2005, o modelo foi aplicado em outra população para validação. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídas 247 crianças, das quais 68 evoluíram para DBP, sendo divididas da seguinte maneira: leve = 35 (51,4 por cento), moderada = 20 (29,4 por cento) e grave = oito (11,7 por cento). Quatro variáveis mantiveram significância em relação à DBP: idade gestacional < 30 semanas, persistência do canal arterial, ventilação mecânica > 2 dias e perda de > 15 por cento do peso de nascimento no sétimo dia de vida. Nos pacientes com todas as variáveis presentes, o modelo permitiu uma probabilidade de acerto de 93,7 por cento. Valores semelhantes foram obtidos com as 61 crianças utilizadas na validação do modelo. CONCLUSÕES O modelo preditivo desenvolvido em nossa população foi capaz de identificar com elevado grau de sensibilidade, ao final da primeira semana de vida, os recém-nascidos sob maior risco de evoluir para DBP.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a predictive model capable of identifying which premature infants have the greatest probability of presenting bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), based on assessment at the end of their first week of life. METHODS: Data were collected retrospectively from January 1998 to July 2001, and prospectively from August 2001 to July 2003. All children born at the institution with gestational age < 34 weeks and birth weight < 1,500 g were included. The principal risk factors for BPD were subjected to univariate analysis followed by logistic regression. Significant variables were used to construct a formula to calculate the probability of BPD. The model was calibrated and its discriminative power assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Between August 2003 and July 2005 the model was then applied to a different population for validation. RESULTS: The sample comprised 247 children, of whom 68 developed BPD, classified as follows: mild = 35 (51.4 percent), moderate = 20 (29.4 percent) and severe = 8 (11.7 percent). Four variables maintained significance with relation to BPD: gestational age < 30 weeks, persistent ductus arteriosus, mechanical ventilation > 2 days and loss of > 15 percent of birth weight on the seventh day of life. Where patients exhibited all of these variables, the model had a 93.7 percent probability of being correct. The model was further validated when using another sample of 61 newborns; similar figures were obtained. CONCLUSIONS: At the end of the first week of life, the predictive model developed from our population was capable of identifying newborn infants at increased risk of developing BPD with a high degree of sensitivity.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: an update.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease associated with premature birth and characterized by early lung injury. Over the past 4 decades, there have been significant changes in its definition, pathology and radiological findings as well as management of BPD. Management of the acute phase and later stages of this lung disease continue to evolve. Use of non-invasive ventilatory techniques, recombinant human SOD and CC10 and inhaled NO are some novel approaches that are being studied. Adequate nutrition is vital to optimize lung growth and repair. The widely accepted practice of prophylaxis against viral infections has markedly decreased the rates of rehospitalization. Infants with BPD, however, continue to have significant pulmonary and neurodevelopmental sequelae. Unraveling the genetic contribution to BPD will potentially pave the way to improved preventive and therapeutic approaches.

Infección por virus sincicial respiratorio en poblaciones vulnerables: riesgo biológico contra riesgo social / Respiratory syncitial virus infection in vulnerable population: biological risk versus social risk

Los prematuros con displasia broncopulmonar y sin ella tienen alto riesgo de hospitalización por infección por virus sincicial respiratorio. En Argentina no existen suficientes datos epidemiológicos que permitan extrapolar las recomendaciones establecidas para el empleo de palivizumab para la profilaxis pasiva de este virus en poblaciones vulnerables. Además del riesgo biológico, pocos estudios han explorado el impacto del contexto socioambiental. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los factores biológicos y socioambientales asociados con la ocurrencia de formas graves de infección respiratoria por virus sincicial respiratorio en prematuros con displasia broncopulmonar o sin ella.